Technical Knowledge Base
Understand the technical concepts behind DNS, email, security, networking, and web performance.
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What Is DNS?Learn what DNS is, how domain name resolution works, and why it is critical for internet connectivity.
What Is DNS Propagation?Understand DNS propagation, why changes take time to spread globally, and how to check propagation status.
What Is DNSSEC?Learn how DNSSEC protects DNS from spoofing and cache poisoning by adding cryptographic signatures.
What Is DNS TTL?Understand DNS TTL, how it controls caching behavior, and best practices for setting TTL values.
What Is a Nameserver?Learn what nameservers are, the different types, and how they route DNS queries to resolve domain names.
What Is an SPF Record?Learn what SPF records are, how they prevent email spoofing, and how to configure them correctly.
What Is DKIM?Understand DKIM, how it signs emails cryptographically, and why it is essential for email authentication.
What Is DMARC?Learn how DMARC combines SPF and DKIM to protect your domain from email spoofing and phishing attacks.
What Is SMTP?Learn how SMTP works, the role it plays in email delivery, and common SMTP issues that affect reliability.
What Is Email Authentication?A guide to email authentication protocols including SPF, DKIM, and DMARC, and how they work together.
What Is an SSL Certificate?Learn what SSL certificates are, how they encrypt web traffic, and why every website needs one.
What Is TLS?Understand TLS, how it encrypts internet traffic, and the differences between TLS versions.
What Is HSTS?Learn how HSTS forces browsers to use HTTPS, preventing downgrade attacks and cookie hijacking.
What Is a Certificate Chain?Understand how certificate chains establish trust from your SSL certificate to a trusted root CA.
What Is Mixed Content?Learn what mixed content is, why browsers block it, and how to fix mixed content warnings on HTTPS sites.
What Is an IP Address?Learn what IP addresses are, the difference between IPv4 and IPv6, and how IP addressing works.
What Is an ASN?Understand what ASN is, how it identifies networks on the internet, and its role in BGP routing.
What Is BGP?Learn how BGP routes internet traffic between networks and why BGP security matters.
What Is Reverse DNS?Understand reverse DNS, how PTR records map IP addresses to hostnames, and why it matters for email.
BGP Routing ExplainedDeep dive into BGP routing: how autonomous systems exchange routes, BGP path selection, route propagation, and common BGP routing issues.
iBGP vs eBGP: What is the Difference?Understand the difference between iBGP (internal BGP) and eBGP (external BGP), including how they handle route propagation and when to use each.
What Is RPKI? BGP Route Origin ValidationLearn how RPKI (Resource Public Key Infrastructure) secures BGP routing by validating route origin authorizations and preventing BGP hijacks.
What Is a BGP Prefix?Understand BGP prefixes: what they are, how ASNs announce IP address blocks via BGP, and the role of CIDR notation in internet routing.
How to Find the ASN for Any IP AddressLearn how to find the Autonomous System Number (ASN) for any IP address and identify the network operator, ISP, or cloud provider that owns it.
ASN Lookup by Domain NameFind the ASN and network operator for any domain name by resolving the domain to its IP address and performing an ASN lookup.
Private ASN Ranges: 64512–65534 and 4200000000+Learn about private ASN ranges (64512-65534 for 16-bit, 4200000000-4294967294 for 32-bit), when to use them, and how they differ from public ASNs.
How to Get Your Own ASNStep-by-step guide to applying for your own ASN through ARIN, RIPE, APNIC, LACNIC, or AFRINIC. Requirements, costs, and the application process explained.
What Is IP Geolocation?Learn how IP geolocation determines the physical location of an IP address and its applications.
What Is TTFB?Learn what TTFB is, how it affects website performance, and how to optimize it.
What Is a CDN?Learn how CDNs speed up websites by distributing content across global edge servers.
What Are HTTP Headers?Understand HTTP headers, how they control web communication, and which security headers to implement.
What Is Gzip Compression?Learn how Gzip compression reduces file sizes for faster web page loading and how to enable it.
What Is Latency?Understand network latency, what causes it, and techniques to minimize it for better performance.